A Helicopter Parent Free Essays

A helicopter parent may mean well, yet their impedance could make their child’s life significantly more troublesome over the long haul. Today, there is an expansion in the quantity of helicopter guardians. The term â€Å"helicopter parent† characterizes the conduct of guardians who appear to be only a smidgen excessively associated with their child’s everyday life. We will compose a custom paper test on A Helicopter Parent or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now We as a whole comprehend that guardians would do everything to keep their youngsters out of harm’s way, however here and there, this craving can turn into an undesirable fixation that can really hurt their children. On occasion I question myself, will the up and coming age of youngsters have the option to really have an independent mind? Offspring of helicopter guardians can turn out to be excessively reliant of their paternities. It is a typical factor in the Palauan culture for guardians to assist their kids with their bills, giving them cash, looking after children, even to the level of buring their staple goods and cleaning their homes. It is a tricky dependent upon some as they have sympathy for their kids and need the best for them yet now and again it appears to get out hand. The individuals who continually shield their kids from any mistake just abatements the child’s possibility of self-strengthening and development as they develop. With helicopter guardians, time might be more overwhelmed by overstated recognition and quieting themselves down as opposed to helping their youngsters to act naturally dependent and autonomous. Permitting your youngsters to fall flat and having them test their cutoff points is the least a parent can accomplish for their children. Along these lines, a youngster can be increasingly ingenious, profitable, and become an autonomous student, or procures information through their own endeavors. Absence of certainty is additionally an impact of helicopter child rearing. Guardians who are excessively included and excessively drifting around a youngster is an indication that the guardians themselves are restless. Youngsters can detect and get their parent’s nervousness and become on edge themselves. At the point when this occurs, a youngster generally turns out to be right away pitiful, segregated, or discouraged. In any case, it carries a youngster to a troubled spot. Nervousness among your grown-ups has essentially developed as of late, some have turned discouraged or even wiped out. Despite the fact that this occurs at home when the youngster lives with their folks, it happens after they venture out from home also. At the point when guardians control their youngsters in all that they do, they don't get the opportunity to show what they are able to do. As they develop, it will just make it hard for them to settle on their own choices as they are accustomed to having somebody around guiding them. They are additionally particularly startled of facing challenges particularly on the off chance that it is something that isn't regular to them. Something as basic as, â€Å"You can do this† or â€Å"I’m so glad for you† can empower a kid and assist them with building their certainty. Having faith in somebody is just letting them do what they know as opposed to being close by the entire time instructing them and what not to do. Step by step instructions to refer to A Helicopter Parent, Papers

Bernard Lawrence Free Essays

Bernie Madoff was conceived on 29th April, 1938 in New York. His folks were Jewish, in particular Ralph and Sylvia Madoff. In 1956, he had moved on from the Hofstra University where he had contemplated political theory. We will compose a custom paper test on Bernard Lawrence or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now He at that point turned into a handyman, and later on established the Madoff magnanimous Foundation. His vocation in the speculation field started after he wedded Ruth Alpern, his secondary school darling, who worked at a stock trade showcase in Manhattan. In 1960, he established the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, (presently NASDAQ) and has since the time gone about as its director until he was captured. Prior to the revelation of the misrepresentation, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities appeared as though the sort of firm that each stock merchant would need to work with. The financial specialists and the workers all put stock in Bernie. It was thus that he was named as the executive of NASDAQ, and was additionally delegated to industry channels by the SEC. Madoff is said to have been a giver who worked with numerous not-for-profit organizations. He was a man of extraordinary impact, and numerous individuals had depended him with their riches. Madoff is known to have submitted the greatest misrepresentation through a Ponzi plan which he had completed for in any event 20 years. He admitted his wrongdoing to his children, Andrew and Mark a year ago. This is a paper covering Madoff’s, huge Ponzi plan that prompted his detainment. (Lenzner) The Ponzi plan Even as Madoff was still in examining law at Brooklyn Law School, he was in associated with the protections business. On of his first speculations was with an organization, called the Electronics Capital, where he had contributed $200. As per what the SEC uncovered, his stocks had developed from the first $200 to $16,140. Around then, this was a great deal of cash, and this more likely than not caught his enthusiasm for the protections showcase. His plan to engage in illicit activities to get more cash-flow probably been in his psyche for quite a while. This is on the grounds that during the 1990s, Madoff would flaunt to certain his speculators that he was utilizing an alternate procedure from the split-strike change strategy. This more likely than not been what prompted the misrepresentation. An examination uncovered that there were intimations in his office, yet it was difficult to get him. For instance, there was an IBM server, and an AS/400 which dated from as right on time as the 1980s; reports said that it was old to the point, that some data was entered in by hand, yet Madoff was hesitant to have it supplanted. This machine is said to have been the middle around which the extortion was plotted. A huge number of articulations that were printed from it uncovered exchanges that had never been made. (Bandler etal) According to the individuals who assumed jobs in the early electronic exchanging and the organization, Madoff’s organization was fruitful just during the 1970s and the 1980s. They further said that the achievement must be ascribed to the way that his security business was the first to have utilized the electronic programming to exchange stocks. He was additionally ready to pull in numerous buyers on the grounds that the product was modest, yet additionally quick. Rather than taking a charge for exchanging stocks like the NYSE did, Bernie paid a few firms like Charles Schwab a couple of dollars an offer for each request they made. In spite of the fact that the product utilized by Madoff, his organization had the ability to support the hazard that came about structure the unevenness in the purchase and sell orders and consequently had the option to save its benefit. This implies regardless of whether he paid the customer, he despite everything stayed with enough cash to make an enormous benefit. During the mid 1990s, his firm had succeeded, in that it was liable for executing in any event 9% of the considerable number of stocks exchanged each day at the NYSE. His firm worked in exchanging different offers from huge organizations outside the trade. Throughout the entire existence of exchanging stocks, no other organization could exceed NASDAQ, which got its bit of leeway from the utilization of electronic methods. He was regarded among his friends, with the exception of those of the NYSE, who compared his requests to kick backs. They saw Madoff’s exchanges as pitiful, however they had no real way to demonstrate any criminal operations. The installments that he paid for the requests were all lawful, and Madoff guaranteed that they remained so. NASD and SEC demanded that the protections industry’s self controlled body unite a board to explore NASDAQ. Being the administrator NASDAQ, Madoff tested his examiners by recommending that they proceed to remember observers for the board. He had the option to work himself out of the issues that could have happened to him. (Bandler etal) He effectively talked the specialists into his line of reasoning. Indeed, a portion of the individuals in the board said that he was not pushy during the cross examinations. Despite the fact that his principle point was to ensure his business, he never recommended that in any immediate way. He was simply resolved to make the board â€Å"understand† the manner in which his business worked. Toward the finish, all things considered, Madoff won. He had figured out how to persuade the board that his act of offering installments was no different as that applied by the Wall Street. Things anyway changed in 1997, when the standards that represented the exchanging spreads changed. That year, they were cut from 12. 5? an offer to 6. 25? , and later on in 2001, dropped to only a penny. NASDAQ’s benefits began diminishing. Madoff had the option to keep submitting his fake demonstrations since he currently began promoting his speculation business by persuading individuals through informal. The individuals who educated of it spread it to their companions. It turned into an exclusive hangout, and Madoff’s plan not having any desire to concede new individuals, pulled in significantly more consideration from the individuals who knew about it. His private speculators were encouraged to stay silent, and also the issue to a pariah; on the off chance that they did, they gambled losing their ventures. Despite his endeavors to keep his speculations mystery, they by one way or another surfaced, however he was resolved to keep concealing any demonstration that would stimulate doubt. Two distributions that were aimed at stimulating doubt on Madoff’s tasks went overlooked. Indeed, even the representatives who worked inside the association disregarded them; all things considered, they had no idea of what was happening. It later turned out that Madoff’s unlawful speculations were meddling with the lawful ones. Truth be told, during the preliminary, Madoff conceded cap he moved a huge number of dollars from his extortion organizations in London to his legitimate firm in New York. His fake plans were so confounded; it is said that it would not be straightforward his activities in subtleties. He additionally deceived shield or conceal his demonstrations. For instance, in May 2006, he was met by the SEC, and asked whether the values were exchanged Europe, he conceded that they were. The reality of the situation was that he generally said that he had a few exchanges Europe, at whatever point he was unable to clarify the idea of the organizations. There were likewise no values being exchanged Europe. In numerous events, Madoff’s lies took care of him. Madoff’s associate Despite the fact that Madoff was the driving force rogue, he clearly had an associate. Workers admitted that Frank DiPascali, went about as Madoff’s delegate and was answerable for maintaining the business on the seventeenth floor, the floor where Madoff’s office was. A previous dealer said that the he was matured 33, yet individuals neither realized what his work truly was, nor his title. One representative said that, â€Å"Everyone realized he was a serious deal, yet he resembled a shadow. † (Bandler etal) DiPascali, when captured, indicated his contribution in Madoff’s plan when he began to arrange a request manage government examiners. He offered to reveal the entire plan and to name names, in return for a diminished sentence. In any case, he had no proof that there were other relatives engaged with the Madoff conspire. DiPascali was the facilitator of Madoff’s plans. He confessed to have controlled fake profits for sake of a few significant financial specialists in Madoff’s business. Some of them incorporate Frank Avellino, is said to have been running the â€Å"feeder fund† and Jeffry Picower, who needed to close down his establishment as it was influenced by the misfortunes related with Madoff. For instance, on the off chance that one of such significant customers earned more cash on different speculations, Madoff would tell DiPascali, who at that point manufactured a misfortune with the thought process of lessening the expense bill. As I would like to think, I would ay that the United States had the option to deliver such an individual as Madoff in light of the fact that other than the way that he had solid associations, his firm was performing all around ok; in certainty it offered openings for work to Americans, while from numerous points of view added to the monetary improvement of the United States. Madoff was additionally ready to conceal his disgraceful tasks adequately, shielding himself from the specialists. A case of such a case is the point at which he had the option to shield himself from the board in 1991 during the examinations. (Paltrow) He had a cunning method to get himself out o inconvenience. The way that a great many people knew him as a giver was sufficient guard, in any event to the leniencies. His liberal demonstrations like giving gifts were only for appear, including his gifts to the 2008 presidential battles, where he subsidized the two up-and-comers. The Madoff case was one of the hardest to be totally revealed, given that it had been conspired for in any event 20 years. It could likewise be sufficient explanation that Madoff was a smart man since he had the option to submit the extortion all alone. In the event that Madoff could have had more assets to take care of his financial specialists in December, at that point he would have had the option to continue with his Ponzi conspire. His plan has prompted the breakdown and conclusion of a few associations that had put resources into his activities. Works refered to 1) Bandler J. Varchever N. (April 30, 2009) Ho Step by step instructions to refer to Bernard Lawrence, Papers Bernard Lawrence Free Essays Depict the three sorts of unlawful conduct alle

Methods used to Analyze the Marketability of a Firm Essay

Techniques used to Analyze the Marketability of a Firm - Essay Example Meetings, via mail and on location, were directed to decide the socioeconomics and attributes of the run of the mill fisher. Finding the intentions of paying fishermen end up being advantageous in the examination (relationship). This examination will survey required prerequisites and how well they are fit to the organization's abilities. Associations can utilize this information to pick thoughts and items which coordinate their specialized help, prompting upper hands. This examination will likewise assist with deciding if in-house or outside specialized help is the most doable. Various strategies can be utilized when leading a specialized examination. Agendas, scoring devices, natural examining, and dynamic models (as utilized by the West Virginia Department of Forestry) are probably the most broadly utilized techniques. An organization ought not, be that as it may, make the specialized investigation its principle center. The examination may show the association's attractiveness in a gleaming light, yet this assessment may not be similarly shared by its clients. An a valid example is RCA's presentation of their quadraphonic 8-track framework in 1970. This item given blasting attractiveness for RCA; be that as it may, forecasts for future innovation were not outlined on their then-specialized examination. Assortment of market information on items and thoughts are basic to decide attractiveness. ... This item given blasting attractiveness for RCA; notwithstanding, forecasts for future innovation were not represented on their then-specialized investigation. Promoting ANALYSIS Assortment of market information on items and thoughts are basic to decide attractiveness. On the off chance that an organization isn't equipped in promoting abilities, it won't succeed. A model is the generally populated nation of China. They can offer various chances; be that as it may, it has been very trying for the Chinese to showcase their items in their own nation. Advertising difficulties should be tended to. Every idea requires diverse promoting information and procedures. Particularly like the specialized examination, agendas, scoring instruments, and ecological filtering are powerful apparatuses. A dynamic asset, for example, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is additionally gainful. Continuously remember that a firm is never attractive without clients who are looking for your items or thoughts. It's likewise critical to investigate your objective client base and the interest and gracefully of your items. Monetary ANALYSIS The essential objectives of an association are to create a benefit, increment deals and clients, and to show an arrival on their speculation. To be attractive, a firm should set budgetary rules. To get an exact budgetary investigation, much money related information is required. Spending objectives must be set and met. Benchmarks should likewise be set down to concur with budgetary returns set up. The most broadly utilized money related examination philosophy is the Net Present Value technique (NPV). This technique relates the financial advantages and consumptions against the items. The item's NPV is then weighed against the loan costs and the

Broken glass †research Essay

Margaret Hyman-Harry Hymans spouse, â€Å"fair, vigorous and energetic†, educational, nosey. She is neighborly, likes giggling a direct inverse to Gellburg-it makes him awkward Phillip Gelburg-â€Å"slender serious man in his late forties†, quiet, cryptic, disdains social circumstances, unsympathetic The topic of Gellburgs wife’s disease is presented, and Gellburg demonstrates he is maybe either bothered by wife’s condition or the nearness of Margaret †utilizes short concise answers. Gellburg is going to visit Dr Hyman office to get a few outcomes on the test his significant other had †she is incapacitated and giving no indications of sickness by any stretch of the imagination. A little foundation history about the Hymans is given. Reference to places in Brooklyn made â€â€Å"ocean Parkway†. Opening of scene two from p3 to Gellburg I see p5. Margaret Hyman Dr Hyman-â€Å"early fifties†, a curious, truthful man â€Å"more individuals pass on or rodent chomp you know†, adores ladies/spouse. Slow scholar Gellburg-he is dazzled by Hyman, anyway some vulnerability towards him is away from exceptionally slight prologue to the topic of Gellburg and Sylvia’s relationship, propose that’s its maybe cold â€Å"oh†¦ I never thought of it†¦ † he’s practically new to his own significant other. Sylvia’s disease is referenced again †has all the earmarks of being adapting. Crowd is acquainted with Dr Hyman, Sylvia’s specialist who is researching her unexpected loss of motion. Sylvia has all the earmarks of being adapting great, something which Hyman appreciates. Dr Hyman has the outcomes from Dr Sherman’s tests on Sylvia. Reference to the regularity of the time †a specialist smoking inside, un bothered by the asserted reasons for smoking. p5 Hyman I discover this Adolph Hitler†¦ to p6 Gellburg Listen, I sympathise†¦ Hyman †Instructed in Germany, and shows incredible compassion towards the Jews being rebuffed over yonder, he can’t comprehend the fierceness. Gellburg †recommends he has a touchiness and that is practically embarrassed about being a Jew, he’s not extremely thoughtful of the Jews in Germany †he’s autonomous. Topic of Sylvia and Gellburgs relationship with each other is addressed †Hyman presents this thought Sylvia is terrified of Philip. The subject of hostile to Semitism and Gellburg’s own convictions and his hatred of being Jewish is appeared. Additionally Sylvia’s NAZI dread recommended †it’s very nearly a fixation of hers. While Hyman is attempting to discover the appropriate response inside the outcomes, he converses with Gellburg initially about the Soldiers in Berlin crushing Jewish homes/stores and so forth, and Sylvia’s worry over it. Gellburg communicates his contemplations on the German Jews, â€Å"I know however they’re expected to be refugees†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he has a negative mentality towards them †Hyman especially concur. Logical reference to the Nazis pogromsâ€state authorized, against Jewish riotsâ€against the Jewish people group of Germany. It was known as â€Å"Kristallnacht†, or â€Å"night of the messed up glass†. Numerous Jewish homes, organizations, schools, medical clinics and gathering places were demolished. It tends to be viewed as the initial phase in hostile to Semitism. Additionally logical reference to the disgrace and allegations joined to the Jews in the 1930’s. p7 Hyman (slicing him of)†¦ to p9 Gellburg That’s the way I am†¦ Hyman †shows more interest in Gellburgs relationship, he explanations for his inquiries are not yet uncovered however aim crowd intrigue. He isn’t certain about how/what is causing the agitation. Gellburg †he is demonstrated to be an extremely forward and emphatic man; he gets a kick out of the chance to know the realities He is hard to converse with. Gellburg becomes â€Å"tense† and â€Å"flushed† by the notice of his conjugal relationship. Gellburg is glad for his better half, anyway the pressure and the reality they just â€Å"get on very well† recommends a few issues. Sylvia’s loss of motion is insane, according to â€Å"people who are on edge enough or truly terrified can envision they’ve gone visually impaired or deaf† †Gellburg is thinking that its hard to comprehend. Sylvia and Gellburgs relationship is talked about †Gellburg talks profoundly of Sylvia however Hyman faculties some strain around the conversation of their relationship. Dr Hyman accepts that Sylvia’s loss of motion is crazy and mental, anyway he is uncertain what is causing it. Gellburg questions Sylvia’s mental soundness. p9 Hyman You’re in†¦ to p10 slight delay Hyman-he is against the â€Å"psychiatry rigmarole†. He enjoys get ‘stuck in’ with work-likes to come to the heart of the matter. Gellburg â€He is glad for his calling. He is humiliated about discussing his sexual relationship with his significant other. He shows his objection to the activities in Germany/Judaism. Again the subject of relationship. Sylvia and Gellburg have relations â€Å"twice, multiple times a week† Theme of the circumstance in Germany and how it’s in the papers over the world. Additionally the topic of Sylvia’s loss of motion. It’s uncovered Gellburg is â€Å"the head of Mortgage Department of Brooklyn Guarantee and Trust. † Hyman plans to treat Sylvia in his own particular manner. The sexual relationship of Gellburg and Sylvia is questioned as Hyman accepts sex is connected to the loss of motion †Gellburg cases to have relations â€Å"twice, multiple times a week†. Gellburg trusts it is the photos of the counter sematic activities in Germany in the papers is the thing that has caused the mania â€â€Å"she alarms herself to death with them† Contextual connect to Anti-Semitism happened in America too in spite of the Jewish people group being more noteworthy than the Christian people group. There we no laws went against the Jews to keep them from doing things †it was close to home preference. Likewise , logical connect to the massacres in Germany p10 slight delay to p13 Hyman I don’t know†¦ Gellburg †He turns out to be passionate while depicting the fall.. Anyway he at that point gets dicey of his own better half. He censures different Jews for not prevailing as he has done. His absence of amusingness, his brutish, smart anxiety, and paranoiac power make him dislikeable to the crowd. Hyman-is getting progressively curious, he gets a kick out of the chance to think about individuals, what they do and so forth. The topic of work has an influence, Gellburg is glad with the position he is in â€â€Å"I’m the main Jew worked for Brooklyn Guarantee in their entire history. † Although a logical inconsistency, the subject of Gellburgs Judaism. The subject of Sylvia’s disease †the enthusiastic side it (how she’s responding, it’s additionally recommended she is nearly faking the loss of motion) Gellburg reviews the night Sylvia fallen and became deadened †â€Å"her legs went to margarine. I couldn’t stand her up. Continued falling around like a cloth doll†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gellburg clarifies his work, and communicates his pride of being â€Å"the just Jew at any point worked for Brooklyn Guarantee in their entire history. † Hyman recommends that Sylvia is subliminally terrified causing her loss of motion. Gellburg anyway questions whether his better half is â€Å"doing it against me†. Setting reference to the American economy In the 1930’s. In 1928 the divider road crash left America in an incredible misery because of the accident in the financial exchange. p13 Gellburg (gazes for a long moment†¦) to p14 Gellburg turns and goes†¦ Hyman-obviously a man of science doesn't put stock in assets or â€Å"dybbuk†. Gellburg-he appears to be uncomfortable, â€Å"deeply disturbed†, he has an irritability, and he’s fast to expect â€Å"you’re not accusing this for me, right? †. We likewise gain proficiency with his is maybe old spirit as his â€Å"parents were from the old country† Theme of relationship-Hyman accepts that â€Å"a parcel of loving† is expected to help Sylvia and her Paralysis (another subject). Uncertain of what to think about the consequences of his wife’s tests, he even inquiries whether she has been controlled. Hyman needs to treat Sylvia â€Å"unconventionally†. Gellburg leaves. In Jewish old stories, a dybbuk is a vindictive having soul, accepted to be the disengaged soul of a dead individual. p14 Margaret That’s one hopeless pisser†¦ to end of scene. Margaret-likes to be romanced by Hyman. Very worried over her better half. A trustworthiness of character. Hyman-Determined man â€Å"full enthusiasm† in regards to the puzzle encompassing the sickness. He gets a kick out of the chance to sentiment ladies. He has a decent heart-likes to help despite the fact that he’s dicey he can Gellburg â€Highly controlling man, â€Å"He’s a dictator†, and â€Å"miserable†. Sylvia’s sickness: Hyman isn’t sure how to treat her, and guarantees his better half that on the off chance that it turns out to be an excessive amount of that he will allude her. Margaret remarks of Gellburgs character â€Å"That’s one hopeless pisser†, and that â€Å"he’s a dictator†. Hyman is dubious of his capacity to treat Sylvia; anyway he is resolved to proceed because of sheer interest. The scene finishes on a vacant guarantee to allude Sylvia to another specialist if its turns out to be excessively genuine and Hyman and Margaret become close. Reference to American culture/film at the time †â€Å"at the Beverly they’ve got Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. Jimmy Cagney’s at the Rialto yet it’s another criminal story. † Scene Two p15 Next night to p18 Sylvia Yes. Sylvia-â€Å"She is mid-forties, a hearty, able, and warm lady. † She is a delicate lady, and doesn’t like to be a weight on anybody. Is it true that she is pulled in to Hyman? Harriet-is Sylvia’s more youthful sister, she isn’t as smart as her sister,

Winamp [Beta] Now Available For Android 2.1 And Up

Winamp [Beta] Now Available For Android 2.1 And Up Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Winamp [Beta] Now Available For Android 2.1 And UpUpdated On 08/06/2018Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : Android TechnologyShort URL : http://bit.ly/2oz7yOZ CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWinamp, one of the best Media Players out there, is now available in beta on Android 2.1 and up. Winamp is a media player for Windows-based PCs, written by Nullsoft. Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc., a firm purchased by Google in 2005.Winamp for Android offers a complete media management solution by seamlessly syncing with the Winamp desktop library. Also provides high quality playback and persistent player controls, wireless desktop sync with your Winamp desktop application (Winamp 5.59 beta required for this).Standard USB syncing also available. Displays song info, album art and more. Press and hold on the song info to interact with other apps like Pandora, YouTube and the Amazon MP3 Store. It also supports scrobbling with the Last.fm app installed (on your Android device). Capturing all of your mobile listening history in real time. You can quickly pause, change tracks, manage your play queue, see whats playing and access the Winamp home screen. If you install Winamp 5.59 beta on your PC, you can sync and manage your libraries via USB or WiFI.Earlier Skype and Android were connected and Skype is now available on a wide range of Android phones. Now Winamp and Android, lets see what is going to come next.READEuropean Space Agency (ESA) Website Hacked!

Technology and Modern Life Essay - 550 Words

Technology and Modern Life (Article Sample) Content: Technology and Modern LifeNameInstitution Technology Leads to Happiness, Healthy Lives and Makes People WiseWithout a shadow of doubt, life in the age of technology is far much better, enjoyable and easier than it was a few decades ago. The invention of the Internet and TV, and modern machinery, in particular, has helped in improving the quality of human life in many ways. For instance, modern architecture has made it possible to live in self-contained houses, a luxury that our ancestors could only dream of. In addition, modern medicine has contributed to the elimination of deadly diseases like polio and measles, while effective cures for many infections have been discovered. In terms of communication, information technology has made the exchange of and access to information faster and easier. These achievements make human beings happier, wiser and healthier.Technology makes people wise by allowing them to access educational information more easily. The Internet is a vast information resource that can be accessed by anyone who has Internet connection. Whereas previously most information was in books that may not be accessible to everyone, the Internet allows people to access it even on the mobile phones. In this regard, it is arguable that technology has contributed in reducing ignorance and illiteracy by bringing information closer to consumers. At the same time, the Internet has promoted e-learning and distance learning programs, all which contribute to higher levels of literacy. Thus, technology makes people wise by facilitating easy access to information and promoting Internet-based learning programs. Advancements in technology have resulted in better healthcare services and healthy living. Several decades ago, many children and adults lost their lives because of diseases like polio, smallpox and measles for which there were no vaccines. Even as recently as the late 20th century, malaria killed millions of people in many third world countrie s, such as Sub-Sahara Africa. However, thanks to technology, more effective means of preventing the spread of malaria have been developed. Additionally, infectious conditions like HIV/Aids were a death sentence to many victims, but the development of antiretroviral drugs has made it possible for HIV patients to live longer and lead quality lives. Other terminal conditions like cancer, heart disease and leukemia are manageable because of new technologies in the treatment of such diseases. In this regard, technology has improved healthcare services through discovery of effective treatments for many diseases. Technology leads to a happy life by affording human beings luxuries like entertainment, cars, and good houses. For instance, self-contained houses with electricity, water and other utilities allow people to live comfortably. Secondly, the personal car makes people happy by elevating them to a different class. As a symbol of socia...

Essay on Gangs in America - 787 Words

Choose a law enforcement agency. Detail that agencys plan of action to combat the violence of a particular gang. List real world examples. Discuss what is currently being done to combat drug violence, and describe the effectiveness of these tactics. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to†¦show more content†¦Responsibility, under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State and U.S. Ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement counterparts in foreign countries (justice.gov). The focus of the action plan is on the most dangerous individuals claiming gang affiliation and violence on the most dangerous gangs in the state. These highly dangerous individuals and groups exhibit a relatively uninhibited willingness to engage in gun violence, with minimal provocation and subject to minimal mechanisms internal to the gang to control such violence. Dispute resolution by handgun has become, unfortunately, an increasingly common part of gang culture, driven in large part to the increasing availability of powerful handguns on the streets of our cities. For those high-priority targets and groups, the plan encourages law enforcement agencies to engage in aggressive, coordinated, and enhanced investigation and prosecution efforts. Law enforcement Agencies will use all available technologies and resources, including electronic surveillance, to build cases against these individuals that rely on police witnesses rather than on witnesses with damaged credibility or witnesses subject to intimidation. The action plan recognizesShow MoreRelatedEssay Gangs in America1777 Words   |  8 PagesGangs in America 06-06-09 Gangs in America It is estimated that there are roughly 24,000 gangs in America today. There are 750,000 stated gang members. Gangs are taking over our youth and our county. In 1996 50% of all gang members were juveniles. Twelve years later that percentage has not changed. Gang violence is on the rise and it has to stop. We have to take back our streets and our children. The history of gangs goes back to biblical times. 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English Writing Composition, Spelling, Punctuation and More

In composition, the conventions governing the technical aspects of writing, including spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and abbreviations.   Getting your main points together can be a challenge, and one solution is to put together a draft of main ideas before writing. Some writing textbooks also include issues related to usage and organization under the broad heading of mechanics. Below is a glossary and list of resources for the mechanics of writing composition for students and writers. The Danger of Overemphasizing Mechanics Teachers using a traditional, product-oriented approach tend to focus on the formal mechanical and technical aspects of writing while paying little attention to the individual writers communicative purposes. Thus with  this approach  there is a danger that, for many children, writing will become an exercise in formal mechanics divorced from personal content and intentions.Joan Brooks McLane and Gillian Dowley McNamee,  Early Literacy. Harvard University Press, 1990 Spelling To improve spelling skills, you can use a memory device known as mnemonics. This memorable phrase, acronym or pattern can come in handy for remembering something like the spelling of a word. You can also increase your reading skills,  make a list of common words you often misspell or mark words in a dictionary that seem to give you trouble repeatedly. Commonly Confused WordsCommonly Misspelled WordsPractice in Using a Dictionary to Check SpellingSpelling ReviewTop Four Spelling RulesTop 20 Spelling Mnemonics Punctuation [R]evision  involves  critical thinking  about content, with secondary consideration to mechanics and neatness. This does not mean that technical aspects of writing can be ignored but that introductions to a  revision  that seems to privilege rote application of rules and neatness over critical interaction with  text  (however brief it may be for beginners) conveys entirely the wrong message to young authors. As children learn the cognitive processes involved in revision, they acquire the inclination to monitor and revise their work in all areas.Terry Salinger, Critical Thinking and Young Literacy Learners.Teaching Thinking: An Agenda for the Twenty-First Century, ed. by Cathy Collins and John N. Mangieri. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992) Basic Rules of PunctuationEnd Punctuation: Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation MarksGuidelines for Using ApostrophesGuidelines for Using Commas EffectivelyGuidelines for Using Quotation MarksHow to Use the SemicolonPunctuation ExercisesSemicolons, Colons, Dashes Capitalization Capitalization and punctuation are the mechanics of writing. They are not simply rules that we must memorize and follow; they are specific signals to the reader. These mechanics are used to determine the meaning  and to clarify intent. It is possible to change the connotation  of a sentence by altering punctuation and/or capitalization.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Maureen Lindner,  English  Language  and Composition. Career Press, 2005 Using proper capitalization is a grammar skill that can help improve your writing. Basic rules include capitalizing the first word in a sentence as well as in a quoted sentence. You also want to capitalize the letter I under all circumstances. Guidelines for Using Capital LettersWhich Words in a Title Should Be Capitalized? Abbreviations Mechanics, in theory, includes matters such as usage and spelling, as well as  hyphenation  and the use of  italics. Essentially, mechanics refers to a set of conventions--how to abbreviate and when to capitalize, for example.Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II,  The Scribner Handbook for Writers, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001 Commonly Confused Latin Abbreviations in EnglishCommon Revision Symbols and AbbreviationsCommon Scholarly AbbreviationsState AbbreviationsTextspeak

Communication meaning and definitions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 7988 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Communication Meaning and Definitions Communication is the nervous system of an organisation. It keeps the members of the organisation informed about the internal and external happenings relevant to a task and of interest to the organisation. It co-ordinates the efforts of the members towards achieving organisational objectives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communication meaning and definitions" essay for you Create order It is the process of influencing the action of a person or a group. It is a process of meaningful interaction among human beings to initiate, execute, accomplish, or prevent certain actions. Communication is, thus, the life blood of an organisation. Without communication, an organisation, an organisation is lifeless and its very existence is in danger. The term communication has been derived from the Latin word cmmunis that means common and thus, if a person effects communication, he establishes a common ground of understanding. Literally, communication means to inform, to tell, to show, or to spread information. Thus, it may be interpreted as an interchange of thought or information to bring about understanding and confidence for good industrial relations. It brings about unity of purpose, interest, and efforts in an organisation. Definitions: Communication is the sum of all things, one person does when he wants to create understanding in the minds of another, it involves a systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding. -Allen Louis Communication has been defined As the transfer of information from one person to another whether or not it elicits confidence. -Koontz and ODonell Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons. George Terry Communication is defined as the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another, it is essentially a bridge of meaning between people. By using the bridge of meaning a person can safely cross the river of misunderstanding. Keith Davis The analysis of the above definitions implies that the communication process should have the following characteristics: ).I A two way traffic: Since communication is an exchange of views, opinions, directions etc., it is a two-way traffic, upward and downward. Messages, directives, opinions, etc., are communicated downward, from a higher level to a lower level in the hierarchy of management. Likewise, grievances, complaints, opinions feelings, points of view etc., are communicated upward along the line, from workers (lower level) to management (higher level). George Terry has rightly remarked, Simply talking or writing without regard to the recipients response, is conducive to misunderstanding. Thus, communication should be both ways. ).II Continuous process: Communication is a continuous process. More often than not, it is repeated to achieve the desired results. It is not a one time shot. ).III A short lived process: The process of communication is complete as soon as the message is received and understood by the receiver in the right perspective; hence, it is a short lived process. ).IV Needs proper understanding: There may be numerous media of communication but the main purpose of conveying the message is a proper understanding of the message by the other party. For this purpose, it should be clearly and concisely worded. ).V Leads achievement of the organizational objective: Effective communication does this by creating the sense of object orientation in the organization. ).VI Dispels misunderstanding: In this sense, it provides clear understanding between persons and thus builds a bridge of comradrie among people. Answer 1. (b) PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION The following principles can be followed to make the communication system more effective: ().i Principle of clarity: The idea or the message to be transmitted should be clearly worded so that it may be interpreted by the receiver in the same sense in which it is communicated. There should be no ambiguity in the message. For this purpose, the idea to be communicated should be very clear in the mind of the sender. It should be kept in mind that the words do not speak themselves, but the speaker gives them meaning. If the message is clear, it would evoke an appropriate response from the other party. It is also necessary that the receiver must be conversant with the language, the inherent assumptions, and the mechanics of communication. ().ii Principle of integrity: Communication should be aimed at motivating people to take action as agreed upon. In this process, the superiors rely upon the subordinates and under assumption that their integrity is unimpeackable. It is because the integrity of the organisation is related to the level of integrity possessed by the subordinates. No communication may evoke a response from the subordinates if their integrity is doubted. The superiors should trust the subordinates, accept their view points and never doubt their intention, in executing the task entrusted to them. ().iii Principle of informality: Formal communication system is cornerstone of a formal organisation, and it leads to transmittal of messages. But, sometimes, formal communications prove ineffective in evoking the needed response from the subordinates. In such cases, the superiors should adopt the strategy of making use of informal channels of communication: they may contact, if necessary, the subordinates personally or through someone else to persuade them to translate their orders into action. Informal communication at times proves for more effective than formal communication. ().iv Principle of attention: In order to make the message effective, the recipients attention should be drawn to the message communicated. Each one is different in behaviour, sentiments and emotions, which determine the degree of attention. For this purpose, the superior must note that he himself should not expect from his subordinates what he himself does not practice. So, a manager cannot enforce punctuality if he himself is not punctual: Actions speaks louder than words. ().v Principle of consistency: This principle implies that communication should always be consistent with the policies, plans, programmes and objectives of the organisation, and not in conflict with them. Messages which are inconsistent with the policies and plans of the organisation create confusion in the minds of the subordinates about their implementation; and, such a situation may prove detrimental to the organisations health. ().vi Principle of adequacy: The information should be adequate and complete in all respects. Inadequate and incomplete information may delay action and destroy understanding, and create confusion. Inadequate information also affects the efficiency of the sender and the receiver of the communication. ().vii Principle of timeliness: All messages should be transmitted at the proper time. Any delay in communicating message serves no purpose except to make them merely historical document as it loses its importance after some time. ().viii Principle of feedback: One of the most important principles of communications is the principle of feedback. The communicator must have feedback information from the recipient to know whether the recipient has understood the message in the same sense in which the sender has meant it, or whether the subordinates agree or disagree with the contents of the message. It also helps in understanding attitude of the people. ().ix Principle of communications network: Communications network means the routes through which the communication travels to its destination, the person for whom it is meant. A number of such networks may exist in an organisation at a given point of time; but the management should consider the effectiveness of the communications network in the given situation and its effects on the behaviour of the recipient before it finally chooses the network. The above principles if followed will make the communication effective. An effective system of communication should be installed in the organisation so as to promote better industrial relations. Answer 2. (a) COMMUNICATION IS A TWO-WAY PROCESS Management of an organisation is effective only when its communication machinery is effective. The very existence of management depends upon an effective machinery of communication. Effective communication machinery is important because it communicates, and helps in implementing, the policies and objectives of the organisation on the one hand and also helps in understanding the nature and behaviour of the people at work. Management communication is a two-way process. It means that the management must allow both the parties the management and the subordinates to convey their feelings, ideas, opinions, facts, grievances etc. to the other party. Communication is said to be a continuous process of exchange of views and ideas but it should be both ways down ward and upward. The communication machinery or process should not only provide the manager with a the privilege of communicating orders and directions to the workers to get the work done towards the achievement of organisational objectives as pleaded by the classical theory of organisation behaviour knows as Theory X by McGregor, but the workers also must be given a right to approach the management and communicate their complaints, grievances, opinions, facts, suggestions etc. which may be in response to the orders or directions received from the management, or in the interest of the organisation, contributing to the achievement of its objectives. Thi s two-way traffic is advantageous to both the management and the workers. Managers, very often like that the subordinates must listen to them and follow their orders and directions whatsoever. On the other hand, managers are not prepared to listen to their subordinates regarding what they think about them and of their suggestions, ideas or direction. They are not bothered about their subordinates likes and dislikes and how they can contribute to the organisational objectives. Management in this way cannot be effective. Without giving subordinates an opportunity to be heard their feelings will remain suppressed and they may breakdown at any time. A message can be interpreted by the recipient according to the image of the communicator in the mind of the recipient. If the image is bad the version of the massage may be distorted and interpreted differently. The bad image can be erased through proper communication from the other side which is possible only when there is two-way communication in the organisation. Thus creation of organizational systems allowing two-way traffic will improve the morale of the workers on the one hand because they think that they have a say in the management and will improve the working of the organisation on the other hand because management worker relation develop in a cordial atmosphere. Thus two-way communication is necessary for effective management. Communication is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged with each other. Exchange requires feedback. The word communication is also used in the context where little or no feedback is expected such as broadcasting, or where the feedback may be delayed as the sender or receiver use different methods, technologies, timing and means for feedback. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are narrower, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction. Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated) Source/Emisor/Sender/Encoder (by whom) Form (in which form) Channel (through which medium) Destination/Receiver/Target/Decoder (to whom) Purpose/Pragmatic aspect (with what kind of results) Answer 2. (b) IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION In this age of competition communication is the number one problem of the management. Competition, complex methods of production, large scale operations and specialisation in production functions have increased the importance of communication. Without effective communication a manager cannot perform his duties well. Communication is as essential to business as blood is to the human body. Success of the communication system affects the success of business. The following points will prove its importance in business: 1. Smooth Working of a Business Firm Communication is necessary for the successful smooth and unrestricted working of an enterprise. All organisational interaction depends upon working of an enterprise. All organisational interaction depends upon communication. The manager co-ordinates the human and the physical elements of an organisation into an efficient and working unit that achieves common objectives. Be it an activity of purchase or sale or production or finance it is the process of communication that makes cooperative action possible. The internal and external communication process of an organisation decides the various activities to be done and various objectives to be achieved. Communication is basic to an organisations existence from birth of the organisation through its continuing life when communication stops, organised activity ceases to exist. 2. Basis of Managerial Function Communication plays an important role in discharging the various functions of management. No function of management is possible without the communication process. Its importance in performing the various functions is as follows: Planning: Planning the most important among the functions of management, requires extensive communication among the executives and the other personnel. Communication is important in executing a planned programme and then controlling the activities of the personnel with the help of feedback information. Organisation: Organisation is the second important function of management which decides the various activities of an organisation, divides them into workable units, delegates authority to perform the. For this purpose, communication is a must because different persons, departments and group come to know their powers and jurisdiction only through an effective means of communication. Direction and Leadership: Direction and effective leadership requires an efficient system of communication in an organisation. A good leader can direct or lead his subordinates only when an efficient system of communication is present. It brings both the leader and the subordinates in close contact with each other and removes misunderstanding if any. Motivation: An efficient system of communication enables management to change the attitude of the subordinates and to motivate, influence and satisfy them. Most of the conflicts in business are not basic but are caused by misunderstood motives and ignorance of facts. Proper and timely communication between the interested parties, reduces the points of friction and minimises those that inevitably arise. Co-ordination: The present day big organisations, designed on the basis of specialisation and division of labour are constituted of a large number of people. In order to achieve the desired objective, it is very necessary to co-ordinate the efforts of labour engaged in the various activities of production and the organisation. Co-ordination requires mutual understanding about the organisational goals and the mode of their accomplishment; and the interrelationship between the works being performed by various individuals. Control: Communication aids in controlling the activities of the individuals department and groups. The facts standards and information are communicated to the concerned parties and they perform their respective obligations according to the standards set forth in the plan. 3. Maximum Production at Minimum Cost Every organisation aims at getting the maximum output at the minimum cost and for this purpose it requires an effective internal and external communication system. In the external field, and efficient communication system helps in improving public opinion having contacts with government departments and getting market information in order to achieve the primary goals. 4. Prompt Decision and its Implementation In order to make prompt decisions, fact collecting process is necessary. Information must be received before any meaningful decision and for this purpose communication is a primary requirement. Again to implement the decision effectively its communication to subordinates concerned is essential. Thus, decision-making and its implementation require and effective system of communication. 5. Building Human Relations Man is the most active and effective factor of production and good human relations are the basis of cooperation and industrial peace that requires good working conditions and work-environment. As we have discussed earlier communication is a two-way traffic which helps promote cooperation and mutual understanding between the two partners of an organisation. Efficient downward communication helps the management to tell the subordinates what the organisation wants and how it can be performed. On the other hand upward communication helps the workers in putting their grievances and suggestions and reactions to the policies, before the management. 6. Job-satisfaction and Good Morale Morale is the human element that motivates a man to work in the right spirit. Good communication removes the possibility of misunderstanding among the parties concerned. Workers know what they have to do and how it creates a sense of cooperation among them. It increases the morale of the workers and each worker will have job satisfaction. 7. Avoids Illusion While passing through various stages information may be distorted by interested parties and many create illusion and misunderstanding among persons. Illusion is the great enemy of communication. An efficient system of communication aims at removing illusions and misunderstanding by communicating facts and figures. 8. Contacts with External Parties Communication is essential not only for the internal management of the organisation but it also helps contacts with the outside world. Contact with outside agencies such as customers, associations, other manufacturers, advertisers, suppliers, trade unions, research councils and institutions, etc. are necessary for furthering the interests of the organisation. It increases the goodwill of the firm and helps in creating a favourable public attitude towards the organisation. Answer 3. (a) Broad Categories of communication in an Organisation Communication on the basis of organisation structure may be classified into two broad categories: Formal and Informal. 1. Formal Communication Formal communication is closely associated with a formal organisational structure. The communication flows through formal channels, officially recognised positions along the line in the organisation. In the organisation the path along which a communication is to travel is deliberately created to regulate the flows of communication so as to make it orderly and thereby to ensure that the required information flows smoothly, accurately and timely to the points at which it is required. Very often we hear the term through proper channels which means communication through the channel prescribed in the organisation. It is the path of the line of authority linking two positions in the organisation. It is also known as the chain line of command. Advantages of formal Communication: It helps in maintaining the authority of line executives over their subordinates who are responsible to get the work done by their subordinates and are answerable to their bosses. The responsibility of the subordinates for the activities carried out by them can easily be fixed. An immediate superior has direct contact with the subordinates; so, a better understanding is developed between them and communication is made more effective. Since an executive better informed about the organisation and its problems than the subordinates a better solution can possibly be found easily and good relations between the leader and his subordinates develop. Disadvantages of formal Communication: Every happening in an organisation cannot be foreseen; hence action required for unforeseen events cannot be formalised. It increases the workload of the line superior because all communications are transmitted through tem. Thus, it leaves the superiors with little time to perform other organisational functions well. There are more chances of red-tapism and delay tactics in this method because executives generally overlook the interests of the subordinates. Any information upward or downward favouring subordinates is more often suppressed or delayed by the superiors. (iv). In most of the big organisations contact between the top executive and the subordinates at the lowest level are far remote. Very often they do not recognise each other. This adversely affects the relations of executives and subordinates. 2.Informal Communication Informal communication also known as the grapevine is not a planned or deliberately created channel of communication. It is free from all formalities. No formal organisational chart is followed to convey messages. It is based on the informal relations of the two persons, the sender and the receiver of communication. A general manager may develop contacts with a worker at the lowest level and communicate certain important information relating to him direct to the worker. It is an example of informal communication. It is the result of the natural desire of people to communicate with each other when they come into contact on a regular basis. When interaction takes place among them a small social groups emerges spontaneously and members of the group develop their own communication system known as an informal communication channel or the grapevine. Advantages of informal communication: The communication travels at a faster speed because there is no formal line of communication. It is multi dimensional. As there is no channel of communication, communication may be made on any topic of interest to any person in the group irrespective of his position in the formal organisation. It may go to any extent all limits as to direction and degree of communication is self-impose. It is dynamic and reacts quickly because informal channels have their sanctions in the group and develop within the organisation. At times it may supplement the formal channel. Certain matters which are difficult to communicate through formal channels may be effectively communicated through informal channels. If properly utilised it may clarify the managements points of view to the subordinates which otherwise may not be appealing or it may provide necessary feedback to managers on the possible effects of a decision or action of the management. Disadvantages of informal communication: It very often carries half-truths, rumours and distorted facts at an alarming rate of speed. As there is no mechanism for authentication of the news and views, members of the organisation are likely to be misinformed and misled by informal communications. Sometimes the messages communicated through informal channels are so erratic that any action based on these cannot be taken and if taken it may lead to a difficult situation in the organisation because responsibility for erratic messages cannot be fixed. In informal communication, there are greater chances of distortion of messages. Each person conveying the message may add, subtract, or change the original message according to his motive or interest. There is a chance that by the time a message completes its complex journey, it may be completely distorted. Answer 3. (b) Written Communication Written communication is often resorted to by the management for messages that are lengthy and have to be made permanent. It is also undertaken when oral communication cannot reach each and every person concerned, either due to a large number of communications or duel to long geographical distances between the sender and the receiver. Written communication includes written words, graphs, charts, manuals, reports, diagrams, pictures, letters, circulars etc. Written communication is the most common form of communication used in an organisational set up to be effective, written communication must posses four important characteristics. It should be clear, complete, correct and to be intelligible. Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of signs or symbols. It is distinguished from illustration, such as cave drawing and painting, and the recording of language via a non-textual medium such as magnetic tape audio. Writing is also a distinctly human activity. It has been said that a monkey, randomly typing away on a typewriter (in the days when typewriters replaced the pen or plume as the preferred instrument of writing) could re-create Shakespeare but only if it lived long enough (this is known as the infinite monkey theorem). Such writing has been speculatively designated as coincidental. It is also speculated that extra-terrestrial beings exist who may possess knowledge of writing. The fact is, however, that the only known writing is human writing. Advantages of written communication: Written communication has the following advantages: Written communications possess the quality of being stored for future reference. Policy matters, service conditions, confidential orders and instructions and many other communications can be effectively and satisfactorily communicated only through written communication because they are necessary for future reference so that necessary action may be taken against the subordinates who fail to follow the communication. It can be used as evidence if any dispute about jurisdiction or bypassing etc. arises. When the sender and the receiver are at distant points, even beyond telephonic range written communication is the only means of communication. Written communication is the only way out in such cases where the message is too lengthy and meant for a large number of persons. Written communication gives more time to the receiver to think, analyse, and then decide upon the right course of action. Written communication is more orderly; and it is binding upon the subordinates and their superiors. Written communication becomes essential to pass on to others correct and accurate information. While writing a message superfluous words and all possible errors can be avoided to make it concise. Answer 4. (a) Effective Communication Barriers These barriers, obstructions and interruptions in communication may broadly be categorized into the following groups: External Barriers Organisational Barriers Personal Barriers External barriers External barriers are those caused by factors other than organisational and personal factors. Such external barriers may be (a) semantic barriers, (b) emotional or psychological barriers. 1. Semantic Barriers Such barriers are obstructions caused in the process of receiving or understanding a message during the process of encoding or decoding it into words and ideas. The linguistic capacity of the two parties may have some limitations or the symbols used may be ambiguous. Symbols may have several meanings and unless the context is known to the receiver he is likely to take the meaning of the symbol according to his preconceived notion and misunderstand the communication. Symbols may be classified as language, picture or action. (i). Language In written or verbal communication, words used are important. A word used in the communication may have several meanings. In a face to face communication, it is easy to seek clarification of words used, if any doubt is encountered. In case of doubt feedback is required. Many words which we use informally may be taken literally in other contexts, non-friendly situations or in written communication. (ii). Picture Picture is another type of symbol. Pictures are visual aids worth thousands of words. An organisation makes extensive use of pictures like blueprints, charts, maps, graphs, films, three dimensional models and other similar devices. A viewer may come to understand the whole story when he sees them. (iii). Action Action is another type of symbol. We communicate by both by action or by lack of it. To do or not to do both have a meaning for the receiver. For example if a subordinate does a good job, patting and non-patting on his back by the superior both have a meaning. Patting may inspire him to do a better job again and non-patting may make him disappointed. In this sense we communicate all the times on the job whether we intend to do so or not. Action or non-action may influence the perception of the receiver. 2. Emotional or Psychological Barriers Personal or emotional or psychological barriers arise from motives, attitudes judgement sentiments emotions and social values of participants. These create a psychological distance that hinders the communication or partly filters it out or causes misinterpretation. The following are some emotional barriers: (i). Premature evaluation Premature evaluation is a tendency to evaluate a communication prematurely rather than keeping an open mind during the interchange. Such evaluation interferes with the transfer of information and begets a sense of futility in the sender. (ii). Loss in transmission and retention When communication passes through various levels in an organisation, successive transmissions of the same message are decreasingly accurate. A part of information is lost in transit it is said that about 30% of the information is lost in each transmission. (iii). Distrust of communicator The communicator is sometimes distrusted by his own subordinates. It happens when he lacks self-confidence or is less competent in his position. He frequently makes ill considered judgements or illogical decisions and then reviews his own decisions when he fails to implement them. (iv). Failure to communicate Sometimes manager do not communicate the needed messages to their subordinates. This might be because of laziness or procrastination on their part or they arbitrarily assume that everybody has got the information or they may hide information deliberately to embarrass the subordinate. Organisation Barriers An organisation is a deliberate creation of management for the attainment of certain specific objectives. The day to day functioning of the organisation is regulated in such a way as to contribute to the attainment of these objectives in the most effective manner. For this purpose a variety of official measures are adopted such as designing of the structure arrangement of activities, formulation of various policies, rules and regulation and procedures, laying down of norms of behaviour. 1. Organisational Policy The general organisational policy regarding communication provides overall guidelines in this matter. This policy might be in the form of a written document or it has to be inferred from organisational practice particularly at the top level. If the policy creates hindrance in the free flow of communication in different directions, communication would not be sooth and effective. 2. Organisational Rules and Regulations More often different activities of an organisation are governed by specific rules and regulations. Such rules and regulations prescribe the subject matter to be communicated as also the channel through it is to be communicated. The rules may restrict the flow of certain messages and may omit many important ones. 3. Status Relationship The placing of people in superior-subordinate relationship in a formal organisation structure also blocks the flow of communication and more particularly in the upward direction. The greater the difference in hierarchical positions in terms of their status the greater would be the worry of middle managers about what their senior bosses might think; this leads to their paying little attention to the needs and demands of their subordinates. 4. Complexity in Organisation Structure In an organisation where there are a number of managerial levels communication gets delayed as it moves along the hierarchical line. Also chances of the communication getting distorted are greater as the number of filtering points is higher. This is particularly true in upward communication because people at intermediate levels do not like to pass on negative remarks either of themselves or of their superiors. 5. Organisational Facilities Certain organisations provide certain facilities for smooth, edequate, clear and timely flow of communication such as meetings conferences complaint or suggestion boxes, open door system etc. If these facilities are not properly emphasized, people generally fail to communicate effectively. Personal Barriers As communication is basically an interpersonal process many personal factors inherent in the two parties to communication the sender and the receiver, influence the flow of communication and present many hurdles in the way of effective communication. 1. Barriers in Superiors Superiors play an important role in communication. Because of their hierarchical position they act as barriers in a number of ways a follows: (i). Attitude of superiors General attitude of the superiors about communication or attitude towards a particular communication affects the flow of messages in different direction. If the attitude is unfavourable there is greater possibility of filtering or colouring of the information. Any information received from the top may not reach the bottom in the same form, or even the reverse may happen. (ii). Fear of challenge to authority The superiors in an organisation generally try to withhold the information coming down the line or going up as frequent passing of information may disclose their own weaknesses; thus generally happens when the superior lacks self-confidence and is afraid that someone else might be promoted in his place if his weaknesses were to come to light. (iii). Insistence on proper channel There are channels of communication in an organisation along which information passes upward or downward. Some officers insist too much on communication through proper channel. They do not like any bypassing in communication. But sometimes bypassing becomes necessary in the interest of the organisation; however, the superiors think bypassing as thwarting of their authority and block the flow of communication. (iv). Lack of confidence in subordinates The superiors generally perceive that their subordinates are less competent and they are not capable of advising their superiors. Therefore they feel whether correctly or otherwise, that they are over burdened and have not time to talk to their subordinates. 2. Barriers Regarding Subordinates There are certain factors in the subordinates which adversely affect their participation in the communication process. Some factors like attitude lack of time applicable to the superiors are also applicable here. Two more factors in the subordinates need special attentions which are responsible for blocking communication in the upward direction. (i). Unwillingness to communicate The subordinates generally are not willing to communicate upward any information which is likely to affect them adversely. If they feel that supply of such adverse information is necessary for control purposes they would modify it in such a way so as not to harm their interest. (ii). Lack of proper incentive: Lack of incentive to communicate also prevents the subordinates from communicating upward. They are punished when they are wrong but may not be rewarded when they work marvellously well and offer a novel suggestion. The above are some of the barriers which come in the way of effective communication. They vitiate the message in several ways including distortion filtering and omission. Distortion means changing the context or the meaning of the text of information. Filtering means reducing the message only to a few basic details and omission refers to deletion of all or a part of the message from the text. We must be careful about these barriers in communication. Answer 4. (b) Steps to Make Communication Effective In order to remove barriers to communication an open door communication policy should be prepared and followed by managers at all levels. The superiors in the organisation must create and atmosphere of confidence and trust in the organisation so that the credibility gap may be narrowed down. Major efforts in this direction are: 1. Two-way communication The organisations communication policy should provide for a two-way traffic in communication upwards and downwards. It brings two minds closer and improves understanding between the two parties the sender and the receiver. A sound feedback system should be introduced in the organisation so that distortion in and filtering of messages should be avoided. There should be no communication gap. 2. Strengthening Communication Network The communication network should be strengthened to make communication effective. For this purpose the procedure of communication should be simplified, layers in downward communication should be reduced to the minimum possible. Decentralisation and delegation of authority should be encouraged to make information communication more efficient, through frequent meetings, conferences and timely dissemination of information to the subordinates. 3. Promoting Participative Approach The management should promote the participative approach in management. The subordinates should be invited to participate in the decision making process. It should seek cooperation from the subordinates and reduce communication barriers. 4. Appropriate Language In communication certain symbols are used. Such symbols may be in the form of words, pictures and actions. If words are used, the language should be simple and easily comprehensible to the subordinates. Technical and multi-syllable words should, as far as possible be avoided. The sender must use the language with which the receiver is familiar. The message should be supported by pictures or actions wherever necessary to emphasise certain points. The sender must also practices in action what he says to others or expects from others. 5. Credibility in Communication One criterion of effective communication is credibility. The subordinates obey the orders of their superior because they have demonstrated through their actions that they are trustworthy. They must practise whatever they say. The superior must also maintain his trust worthiness. If the superior is trusted by the subordinates, communication will be effective. 6. Good Listening A communicator must be a good listener too. A good manager gives his subordinates a chance to speak freely and express their feelings well before him. The manager also gets some useful information for further communication and can also have a better understanding of the subordinates needs, demands etc. 7. Selecting on Effective Communication Channel To be effective the communication should be sent to the receiver through an effective channel. By effective channel we mean that the message reaches its destination in time to the right person and without any distortion, filtering or omission. 8. Preventing Predictable Decision Making Errors Predictable errors in decision making are preventable errors. And a few simple techniques can help you steer clear of the most common wrong turns in decision making. They can get you to your go point, that decisive moment when the essential information has been gathered, the pros and cons weighed, and the time has come to get off the fence and make your decision. Learn more about decision making. Answer 8. (a) Scope of Communication (i). Information sharing: The main purpose of communication is to transmit information from a source to target individuals or groups. Various types of information are transmitted in the organisation: policies and rules and changes and development in the organisation etc. There may be need for fast diffusion of some information in the organisation, special rewards and awards given, settlements with the union and major changes in the organisation. (ii). Feedback: There is a need to give feedback to the employees on their achievements to the departments on their performance and to the higher management on the fulfilment of goals; and difficulties encountered in the communication of feedback helps in taking corrective measures and making necessary adjustments and it motivates people in developing challenging and realistic plans. (iii). Control: The management information system is well-known as a control mechanism. Information is transmitted to ensure that plans are being carried out according to the original design. Communication helps in ensuring such control. (iv). Influence: Information is power. One purpose of communication is to influence people. The manager communicates to create a good working environment, right attitudes and congenial working relationships. All these are examples of influencing. (v). Problem-solving: In many cases communications aim at solving problems. Communication between the management and the unions on some issues (negotiation) is aimed at finding a solution. Many group meeting are hold to brainstorm alternative solutions for a problem and to evolve a consensus. (vi). Facilitating change: The effectiveness of a change introduced in an organisation depends to a large extent on the clarity and spontaneity of the communication. Communication between the managers and employees helps in recognising the difficulties in the planned change and in taking corrective action. (vii). Gate keeping: Communication helps to build linkages of the organisation with the outside world. The organisation can use its environment to increase its effectiveness.. (viii). Decision-making: For arriving at a decision several kinds of communication are needed, exchange of information, views and available alternatives etc, communication helps a great deal in decision-making. Answer 8. (b) The Grapevine Grapevine is Informal Communication in general is exchange of information, a discussion that adheres less to the rules and standards. it is on the dimension of the Project Communication Management. For example, a Project Sponsor might have a meeting with the Project Manager to discuss about the progress of the project and can give much better feedback that another type of communication (other types may include emails, hard copy reports etc.). Informal Communication is more effective for discussing sensitive information in a project. Four types of informal communications have been identified: Single strand: In single strand network the individual communicates with the other individual through intervening persons. In other words each person tell s the other in sequence, one tells one. Gossip: In gossip one individual tells others on a non-selective basis, one tells all. Probability: In probability the individual tells other individuals randomly according to the law of probability. Cluster: In cluster type network the individual communicates with only those individuals whom he trusts. Research shows that out of the four, cluster chain is the most popular form of informal communication. It is not possible to establish a particular type of informal communication in an organisation. However attempts may be made indirectly to influence the result of informal communication. Keith Davis has found certain predictable forms of informal communication which can be of great use to the management in this respect. For instance individuals talk most when news is recent they talk about things which affect their work, and they talk about people they know. In addition people who are working with each other and who contact each other in the formal chain are likely to be on the same grapevine. It should be recognised that informal communication is as important as the informal organisation and that it is not identical with false rumour. Therefore, the management can profitably utilise the informal system in the attainment of organisation goals. According to Robbins, the grapevine in an organization has three significant characteristics. It is not controlled by formal management. Most employees perceive it to be more believable and reliable than formal communication issued by top management. It is largely used for the self-interests of the people within the organization. Answer 8. (e) Guide to Effective Listening Listen patiently to what the other person has to say even though you may believe it to be wrong or irrelevant. Indicate simple acceptance (not necessarily agreement) nodding your head or perhaps interjecting an occasional um-hm or I see. Try to understand the feeling the person is expressing as well as the intellectual content. Most of us have difficulty talking clearly about our feelings. So careful attention is required. Restate the persons feelings briefly but accurately. At this stage you simply serve as a mirror and encourage the other person to continue talking. Occasionally make summary responses such as you think you are in a dead-end job but in doing so keep your tone neutral and try not to lead the person to your pet conclusions. Avoid direct questions and arguments about facts refrain from saying, That is just not so, Hold on a minute lets look at the facts, or Prove it. You may want to review the evidence later, but a review is irrelevant to how the person feels now. Allow time for the discussion to continue without interruption and try to separate the conversation from mere official communication of company plans. That is, dont make the conversation any more authoritative than it already is by virtue of your position in the organisation. When the other person does touch upon a point you do want to know more about, simply repeat statements as a question. For instance, if he remarks, nobody can break even on his expense account, you can probe by replying, and You say no one breaks even on expenses? With this encouragement he will probably expand on his previous statement. Listen for what is not said evasions for pertinent points or perhaps too ready agreement with common clichs. Such an omission may be a clue to a bothersome fact the person wishes was not true. If the other person appears genuinely to want your view point, be honest in your reply. But at the listening stage try to limit the expression of your views, since these may condition or repress what the other person says. Dont get emotionally involved yourself. Try simply to understand first and defer evaluation until later. Listen between the lines. A person does not always put everything that is important into words. The changing tones and volume of his voice may have a meaning. So may his facial expression the gestures he makes with his hands and the movements of his body. Better results can be achieved if the superior gives less emphasis to explaining and more emphasis to listening. Answer 8. (f) Communication Feedback When individuals work together and interact the need to communicate effectively their feelings, impressions and views on various matters becomes important. Equally important is how these are received. When we communicate our reactions and perceptions to a person, especially regarding his behaviour, style of working. We call it feedback. Feedback, in simple terms, is the communication of feelings and perceptions by an individual to another individual about the latters behaviour and style of working. Such interpersonal feedback is involved in everyday life in various situations; for example, the boss sits with his subordinate and gives him necessary counselling about his achievements his strengths as well as areas in which he can improve further. We tell our peers what we think about their style and ways of behaviour so that they may be able to benefit from such communication. A subordinate may also do the same. If his boss pulled him up in the presence of others he may go and tell him how bad he felt about such a happening. This may help the boss to improve his ways of communicating such matters to his subordinates. The main function of giving feedback is to provide data about a persons style of behaviour and its effect on others. Such data can be verified by the individual by either collecting more data from other sources or by checking some aspects with others. The feedback also provides several alternatives to the individual out of which he can choose one or two to experiment on. Interpersonal feedback contributes to the improvement of communication between two persons involved in feedback through the establishment of a culture of openness and promoting interpersonal trust. Continuous feedback will help in establishing norms of being open. Similarly, receiving of feedback fulfils several purposes. It primarily helps the individual (one who receives feedback) to process behavioural data he has received from others (the perceptions and feelings people have communicated to him about the effect of his behaviour on them). It helps him to have better awareness of his own self and behaviour. Getting information about how his behaviour is perceived and what impact it makes on others, increases his sensitivity, his ability to pickup cues from the environment that indicate what perceptions and feelings people have about his behaviour. Giving Feedback Receiving Feedback Provides verifiable data Helps in processing behavioural Encourages collecting data from several sources Increase self- awareness Suggests alternatives to be considered Increase sensitivity in picking up cures Improves interpersonal communication Encourages experimentation with new behaviour Establishes culture of openness Helps in building an integrated self Promotes interpersonal trust Encourages openness Facilitates autonomy Develops mutuality Answer 8. (g) Essential qualities of a business letter A letter is called effective when it meets its objectives. Some common objectives of letters are: To be read To be understood To be accepted To be acted upon To build goodwill Whatever the purpose, the message should be clear to the reader. A letter is one whole piece and should be balanced. Modern correspondence, like many things in the twentieth century, is the result of the scientific spirit and the professional approach to getting things done. Rightly or wrongly the reader of a letter judges it by its appearance. It is a common human habit. Shoddy and badly crafted letters reflect discredit upon an organisation. The factors that make for good presentation in a letter and its aesthetic attractiveness are: The display The balance The proportion The letter-head design The typewriter ribbon The typing The way the letter is folded All these things come together to make an impact. If overlooked the letter gets a bad start. Prompt and complete replies to all letters that require acknowledgement. Intelligent and sympathetic understanding of a customers problem and a genuine desire to be of service. Casting aside suspicions and giving the customer the benefit of doubt until he proves himself unworthy. A friendly cheerful cordial and urbane style of writing. Use of correct titles and solutions. Putting yourself in the other persons place and treating him as you would like to be treated.

Pleas of a Desperate Queen - 1104 Words

The Ancient Egyptians were a civilization of great creativity and expression, but also a civilization with a very strict position on tradition, and I found them absolutely fascinating. When learning about King Tutankhamen’s mysterious legacy, I was very intrigued by the pleas that Tutankhamen’s wife Ankhesenamun wrote to the king of the Hittites after her husband’s premature death. Her letters were desperate and emotional and very powerful to read and definitely gives its readers, whether they’re students or historians, a real sense of mystery and that the queen knew more than what she was willing to say. Egypt was known for its long line of powerful kings, each wanting to prove themselves more powerful than their predecessors, and the†¦show more content†¦Undoubtedly, I can very much sympathize with the queen and her feelings at the time she wrote her letters to the king. She lost her husband and essentially stable control of her empire in a ver y short amount of time. She had no biological heir and in any situation, is going to be forced to marry someone who not of Egyptian royal blood, which to her I’m sure was a painful thing to have to think of. But through these letters I sense more panic than grief. I sense a kind of fear and frantic undertone to the messages. I cannot imagine the sudden and unexpected death of her husband left her without questions, there is probably many more dark details related to King Tutankhamen’s death that she knew that the people of our day will never know. I believe that her pleas to the Hittite king were genuine and true, and that she’d rather marry royalty from another country than be forced to marry someone socially beneath her just to have a new man assuming the throne. Through reading this document and learning about the traditions and concepts of Egyptian culture, I honestly have a better understanding of the formations of strict monarchies over history and the way that the Egyptian monarchy worked and how important tradition and cultural values were to their intensely strong society. I got a fee l for the strengths and personality that Queen Ankhesenamun had and that she was deeplyShow MoreRelatedAct 2 Scene 4 Of Henry Viii1238 Words   |  5 PagesKing, and the Queen. From Katherine’s entrance, the tone of her obedient and dutiful nature is set before she even speaks. While Henry responds to the Crier’s call by saying â€Å"Here† (4.2.8), Katherine makes no response: â€Å"The Queen makes no answer, but rises out of her chair, goes about the court, comes to the King, and kneels at his feet.† (4.2.10). Even when faced with divorce, Katherine conforms to the role of the dutiful wife gracefully. 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